JTW三个节译本的横向阅读比较

本次阅读从2023年9月1日开始。

采取的方法是通读JL译本的同时，将其与Waley的Monkey以及Anthony Yu的Monkey and the Monk进行横向对比三位译者的策略。

Title Waley and Lovell both emphasize on “Monkey”, and Yu entitled his abridgement “The Monkey and the Monk”
Abridgment Strategy Waley's 30 ch, Yu's 31 ch, Lovell's 36 ch. Yu's book is more than twice of the other two in length, total over 670 pages.
Ch.1 Yu is the only one that starts with cosmos setting, and he used the Sanskrit names from Buddhism in translating the four continents, referring to the story's origin. (“They were: the East Pūrvavideha Continent, the West Aparagodānīya Continent, the South Jambūdvīpa Continent, and the North Uttarakuru Continent. This book is solely concerned with the East Pūrvavideha Continent.“) The introduction is 2 pages long, and very clear in setting up the cosmic stage. He also include most poetry in the chapter, making his translation of this chapter 21 pages long, Lovell's 7 pages, Waley's 9 pages. Yu also translate the chapter titles for this abridgment, indicating that every chapter he has chosen is also an independent chapter instead of a regrouping of chapters of the original. In treating the details, Lovell's language is not as refined and elegant as Waley's, and her translation not as appealing. e.g. Lovell: “Since creation, this rock had been nourished by heaven and earth, the sun and the moon, until it was divinely inspired with an immortal embryo, and one day gave birth to a stone egg, about as large as a ball. After exposure to the air, it turned into a stone monkey, with perfectly sculpted features and limbs.” Waley: “THERE was a rock that since the creation of the world had been worked upon by the pure essences of Heaven and the fine savours of Earth, the vigour of sunshine and the grace of moonlight, till at last it became magically pregnant and one day split open, giving birth to a stone egg, about as big as a playing ball. Fructified by the wind it developed into a stone monkey, complete with every organ and limb.” Yu: “There was on top of that very mountain an immortal stone, which measured thirty-six feet and five inches in height and twenty-four feet in circumference. The height of thirty-six feet and five inches corresponded to the three hundred and sixty-five cyclical degrees, while the circumference of twenty-four feet corresponded to the twenty-four solar terms of the calendar. On the stone were also nine perforations and eight holes, which corresponded to the Palaces of the Nine Constellations and the Eight Trigrams. Though it lacked the shade of trees on all sides, it was set off by epidendrums on the left and right. Since the creation of the world, it had been nourished for a long period by the seeds of Heaven and Earth and by the essences of the sun and the moon, until, quickened by divine inspiration, it became pregnant with a divine embryo. One day, it split open, giving birth to a stone egg about the size of a playing ball. Exposed to the wind, it was transformed into a stone monkey endowed with fully developed features and limbs.” “化作”：turned into v.s. developed into v.s. transformed into “五官具备，四肢皆全”：perfectly sculpted v.s. complete with v.s. endowed with fully developed “⽟帝垂赐恩慈⽈：“下⽅之物，乃天地精华所⽣，不⾜为异。”” Lovell: “The creatures of the mortal world are all born from heaven and earth,” the Jade Emperor remarked tolerantly. “Nothing they do can surprise us.” Waley: “The Jade Emperor condescended to take an indulgent view. 'These creatures in the world below,' he said, 'were compounded of the essence of heaven and earth, and nothing that goes on there should surprise us.'” Yu: “With compassionate mercy the Jade Emperor declared, “These creatures from the world below are born of the essences of Heaven and Earth, and they need not surprise us.”” 对“垂赐恩赐”的不同翻译赋予了玉皇大帝这个角色不同的个性特色，Lovell和Waley展示了他居高临下的高傲姿态，Yu用了compassionate mercy表现他心怀大爱。

“⼀朝天⽓炎热，与群猴避暑，都在松阴之下顽耍。你看他⼀个个：跳树攀枝，采花觅果。抛弹⼦，邷麽⼉。跑沙窝，砌宝塔。赶蜻蜓，扑蜡。参⽼天，拜菩萨。扯葛藤，编草帓。捉虱⼦，咬⼜掐。理⽑⾐，剔指甲。挨的挨，擦的擦。推的推，压的压。扯的扯，拉的拉。⻘松林下任他顽，绿⽔涧边随洗濯。” Lovell: “One sweltering morning, he sheltered from the heat with a crowd of monkeys in the shade of some pines; they swung from branch to branch, built sand pagodas, and chased dragonflies and lizards.” Waley: “One very hot morning, after playing in the shade of some pine-trees, he and the other monkeys went to bathe in a mountain stream.” (basically bypass the poem) Yu: “One very hot morning, he was playing with a group of monkeys under the shade of some pine trees to escape the heat. Look at them, each amusing himself in his own way by

Swinging from branches to branches, Searching for flowers and fruits; They played two games or three With pebbles and with pellets; They circled sandy pits; They built rare pagodas; They chased the dragonflies; They ran down small lizards; Bowing low to the sky, They worshiped Bodhisattvas; They pulled the creeping vines; They plaited mats with grass; They searched to catch the louse They bit or crushed with their nails; They dressed their furry coats; They scraped their fingernails; Some leaned and leaned; Some rubbed and rubbed; Some pushed and pushed; Some pressed and pressed; Some pulled and pulled; Some tugged and tugged.

Beneath the pine forest they played without a care, Washing themselves in the green-water stream.” 在这里的处理上，余国藩保留了整首诗，感觉上拖慢了故事进度，模糊了重点（寻水源找到水帘洞）。Lovell的处理中和了Yu和Waley，较佳。

“碣上有⼀⾏楷书⼤字，镌着：花果⼭福地，⽔帘洞洞天。” Lovell: “In the middle of the bridge hung a stone tablet on which was written, in large, regular calligraphy, the following address:

HEAVENLY WATER-CURTAIN CAVE THE BLESSED LAND OF FLOWER-FRUIT MOUNTAIN”

Waley: “He skipped back to the hump of the bridge and saw that on the cliff there was an inscription in large square writing which said, 'This cave of the Water Curtain in the blessed land of the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit leads to Heaven.' 1” Note 1: The inscription is translated by Hu Shih to read: “The Blessed Land of the Mountain of Flower and Fruit and the Heavenly Grotto of the Water Curtain Cave.”

Yu: “There in the middle was a stone tablet on which was inscribed in regular, large letters:

The Blessed Land of Flower-Fruit Mountain, The Cave Heaven of Water-Curtain Cave.”

“楷书”的翻译中，余国藩选择letters而不是calligraphy，是三个版本中最明确的归化处理。对碑文的翻译，Lovell按英文地址格式先说水帘洞，再说花果山，显得很奇怪。地址这个格式为什么会出现在山洞的一块碑上呢？又不是信封。Waley在脚注中说明这是胡适的翻译，文中也采取了先小后大的翻译顺序，但前后加入了连接词，比Lovell的显得更像碑文。

“⽯猿端坐上⾯道：“列位呵，‘⼈⽽⽆信，不知其可’[30]。”

这里是引用的论语，三个译本都用了脚注来表明出处。其中余国藩和Waley都是直接引用，跟原文的行文较为接近。Lovell则采取了化用论语原文的方法“A monkey stands and falls by his word.”显得更为自然。

“美猴王”Lovell用了“beautiful”而不是前两个版本的“handsome”，为什么呢？

“⼀⽇，与群猴喜宴之间，忽然忧恼，堕下泪来。” Waley翻译“burst into tears”过于强烈，余国藩“shed a few tears”感觉情感上似乎有点不得劲儿，Lovell简单的“began to weep”反而最符合原文。

“正观看间，忽闻得林深之处有⼈⾔语，急忙趋步，穿⼊林中，侧⽿⽽听，原来是歌唱之声。歌⽈：”

这里的樵夫之歌对于情节有推动作用，三个版本都进行了翻译，只有余国藩是全译。 Lovell: I sleep till dawn then wander the wood, cutting creepers for my livelihood. When I’ve gathered as much as I can hold, I stroll singing through the market till it’s sold. I trade my load for wine and rice, and never haggle over the price.

Living without ambition or conceit, only immortals and Taoists will I meet.

Waley: I hatch no plot, I scheme no scheme; Fame and shame are one to me, A simple life prolongs my days. Those I meet upon my way Are Immortals, one and all, Who from their quiet seats expound The Scriptures of the Yellow Court.

Yu: I watch chess games, my ax handle’s rotted.

I chop at wood, zheng zheng the sound.

I walk slowly by the cloud’s fringe at the valley’s entrance. Selling my firewood to buy some wine, I am happy and laugh without restraint.

When the path is frosted in autumn’s height, I face the moon, my pillow the pine root.

Sleeping till dawn I find my familiar woods.

I climb the plateaus and scale the peaks To cut dry creepers with my ax.

When I gather enough to make a load, I stroll singing through the marketplace And trade it for three pints of rice, With nary the slightest bickering Over a price so modest.

plots and schemes I do not know; Without vainglory or attaint My life’s prolonged in simplicity.

Those I meet, If not immortals, would be Daoists, Seated quietly to expound the Yellow Court.